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Summary & Details

Holistic Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Efficiency: Benchmark Study of R-474A, R-1234yf, and R-744 Using Digital Twin Simulation

Delivery: Available on this site

Format: PDF

Price: Non-members (tax incl.)：￥1,100 Members (tax incl.)：￥880

Publication code: 20265296

Paper/Info type: Proceedings (Spring)

No.69-26

Pages: 1-8(Total 8 p)

Date of publication: May 2026

Publisher: JSAE

Language: English

Event: 2026 JSAE Annual Congress (Spring)

Detailed Information

Author(J)	1) Christian Macrì, 2) Álvaro de León, 3) Felix Flohr
Author(E)	1) Christian Macrì, 2) Álvaro de León, 3) Felix Flohr
Affiliation(J)	1) Daikin Chemical Europe, 2) Daikin Chemical Europe, 3) Daikin Chemical Europe
Affiliation(E)	1) Daikin Chemical Europe, 2) Daikin Chemical Europe, 3) Daikin Chemical Europe
Abstract(E)	The transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) comes with several challenges such as energy efficiency and the resulting driving range. The thermal management systems play a pivotal role ensuring optimal energy efficiency and passenger comfort. Refrigerants play a crucial role, as their properties impact heat exchange efficiency and overall energy consumption. This study presents a comprehensive benchmarking of the new refrigerant R-474A against R-1234yf and R-744 in a BEV thermal management system. A simulation has been conducted, beginning at system level, progressing to vehicle level, and concluding with evaluations under transient driving conditions across various driving patterns and temperature profiles.

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