Please log in

Paper / Information search system

日本語

ENGLISH

Help

Please log in

  • Summary & Details

Techno-Economic Analysis of Fixed-Route Autonomous and Electric Shuttles

Detailed Information

Author(E)1) Nick Goberville, 2) Md Marsad Zoardar, 3) Johan Rojas, 4) Nicolas Brown, 5) Farhang Motallebiaraghi, 6) Anthony Navarro, 7) Zachary Asher
Affiliation(E)1) Western Michigan University, 2) Western Michigan University, 3) Western Michigan University, 4) Western Michigan University, 5) Western Michigan University, 6) Unity Technologies, 7) Western Michigan University
Abstract(E)This paper takes a realistic approach to develop a techno-economic analysis for fixed-route autonomous shuttles. To develop a model for analysis, the current state of technology was used to approximate three timelines for achieving SAE level 5 capabilities: progressive, realistic, and conservative. Within these timelines, there are four different increments for advancements in the technology laid out as follows: SAE Level 0 - human driver, SAE Level 4 - in-vehicle safety operator, SAE Level 4 - remote safety operator, and SAE Level 5 - no safety operator. These increments in the changes of the technology were chosen based on the trends in the industry. Various shuttle models were used based on different rider quantities and drive-train requirements (electric vs gas) in this analysis. This allows for further understanding of how these deployment plans will vary the cost for shuttles operating in high, mid, and low ridership demand environments. Additional drive-train comparison shows the savings based on the choice of electric vs ICE vehicles. Taking these parameters into consideration, simulations were run for the various vehicle models in the various ridership demand environments to produce the economic costs for each situation. It was found that in 15 years there is an economic savings of 72%, 68%, 43%, and 35% for small, medium, large, and extra-large shuttles, respectively if deployed with the conservative plan of becoming SAE Level 4 with an in-vehicle safety operator in 2 years, SAE Level 4 with a remote safety operator in 4 years, and SAE Level 5 in 8 years.

About search

close

How to use the search box

You can enter up to 5 search conditions. The number of search boxes can be increased or decreased with the "+" and "-" buttons on the right.
If you enter multiple words separated by spaces in one search box, the data that "contains all" of the entered words will be searched (AND search).
Example) X (space) Y → "X and Y (including)"

How to use "AND" and "OR" pull-down

If "AND" is specified, the "contains both" data of the phrase entered in the previous and next search boxes will be searched. If you specify "OR", the data that "contains" any of the words entered in the search boxes before and after is searched.
Example) X AND Y → "X and Y (including)"  X OR Z → "X or Z (including)"
If AND and OR searches are mixed, OR search has priority.
Example) X AND Y OR Z → X AND (Y OR Z)
If AND search and multiple OR search are mixed, OR search has priority.
Example) W AND X OR Y OR Z → W AND (X OR Y OR Z)

How to use the search filters

Use the "search filters" when you want to narrow down the search results, such as when there are too many search results. If you check each item, the search results will be narrowed down to only the data that includes that item.
The number in "()" after each item is the number of data that includes that item.

Search tips

When searching by author name, enter the first and last name separated by a space, such as "Taro Jidosha".